Ngobusuku: Izixeko Ezitshone Ebumdaka

Kwinqanaba lokuqala leNguquko yezeMizi-mveliso ngenkulungwane ye-19, izixeko ezinkulu ezifana neLondon neParis zafumana ukwanda okukhulu kwabemi, ngelixa iziseko zedolophu zahlala zisetyenziswa kakhulu ngexesha lamaxesha aphakathi. Inkunkuma yabantu, amanzi amdaka asekhaya, kunye nenkunkuma yasezilalini zazilahlwa rhoqo kwimisele evulekileyo okanye ngqo kwimilambo ekufutshane. Ukuhlala "kwamadoda asebenzisa umhlaba wasebusuku" kwavela ukuze kususwe inkunkuma, kodwa uninzi lwezinto ababeziqokelela zazilahlwa nje ngezantsi.

Ngelo xesha, uMlambo iThames wawusebenza njengomthombo oyintloko wamanzi okusela eLondon kunye nomjelo wawo omkhulu ovulekileyo. Izidumbu zezilwanyana, inkunkuma ebolileyo, kunye nendle yabantu zazidada emlanjeni, zibila kwaye zibila phantsi kwelanga. Abemi abazizityebi babedla ngokubilisa amanzi abo ngaphambi kokuba basele, okanye bawatshintshe ngebhiya okanye isiselo esinxilisayo, ngelixa abantu abaphantsi babengenakukhetha ngaphandle kokutya amanzi omlambo anganyangwanga.

IiCatalysts: Ivumba Elibi Kakhulu kunye neMephu Yokufa

Unyaka we-1858 waphawula inguqu ebalulekileyo ngokuqhambuka kwe-"Great Vumbi". Ihlobo elishushu ngendlela engaqhelekanga lakhawulezisa ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo kwiThames, likhupha umsi we-hydrogen sulphide owagubungela iLondon waze wangena nakwiikhethini zeNdlu zePalamente. Abenzi bomthetho baphoqeleka ukuba bagqume iifestile ngelaphu elifakwe ikalika, kwaye iinkqubo zepalamente zaphantse zamiswa.

Okwangoku, uGqr. John Snow wayequlunqa “imephu yokufa kwekholera” yakhe edumileyo ngoku. Ngexesha lokuqhambuka kwekholera ngo-1854 kwisithili saseSoho eLondon, uSnow wenza uphando oluya kwindlu ngendlu waza walandela uninzi lwabantu abafayo kwimpompo yamanzi kawonke-wonke eBroad Street. Echasa uluvo olwalukho, wasusa isiphatho sempompo, emva koko ukuqhambuka kwekholera kwaphela kakhulu.

Ezi ziganeko zityhile inyaniso efanayo: ukuxutywa kwamanzi amdaka namanzi okusela kwakubangela ukufa kwabantu abaninzi. Ithiyori "ye-miasma" eyayiphambili, eyayisithi izifo zazisasazeka ngomoya ongcolileyo, yaqala ukulahlekelwa kukuthembeka. Ubungqina obuxhasa ukusasazeka kwamanzi banda kancinci kancinci, kwaye kwiminyaka engamashumi alandelayo, batshintsha ngokuthe ngcembe ithiyori ye-miasma.

Ummangaliso woBunjineli: Ukuzalwa kweCathedral engaphantsi komhlaba

Emva kweGreat Stink, iLondon ekugqibeleni yanyanzeleka ukuba ithathe inyathelo. USir Joseph Bazalgette wacebisa icebo elikhulu: ukwakha iikhilomitha ezili-132 zemisele yamanzi amdaka eyakhiwe ngezitena ecaleni konxweme lomlambo iThames, eqokelela amanzi amdaka kulo lonke isixeko aze awathuthe aye ngasempuma ukuze akhutshwe eBeckton.

Le projekthi inkulu, eyagqitywa kwiminyaka emithandathu (1859-1865), yaqesha abasebenzi abangaphezu kwama-30,000 kwaye yasebenzisa izitena ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-300. Iitonela ezigqityiweyo zazinkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba iinqwelo ezirhuqwa ngamahashe zidlule kuzo kwaye kamva zabizwa ngokuba “ziicawa ezinkulu ezingaphantsi komhlaba” zexesha likaVictoria. Ukugqitywa kwenkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi amdaka eLondon kwaphawula ukusekwa kwemigaqo yanamhlanje yokukhupha amanzi kamasipala – ukusuka ekuxhomekekeni ekuxutyweni kwendalo ukuya ekuqokeleleni okusebenzayo kunye nokulawulwa kokuhanjiswa kokungcola.

Ukuvela Konyango: Ukusuka Ekudluliselweni ukuya Ekuhlanjululweni

Nangona kunjalo, ukudluliselwa okulula kwayitshintsha nje ingxaki ukuya phambili. Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, ubuchwepheshe bokuqala bokunyanga amanzi amdaka baqala ukubonakala:

Ngowe-1889, kwakhiwa isityalo sokuqala sokucoca amanzi amdaka ehlabathini esisebenzisa imvula yamakhemikhali eSalford, e-UK, kusetyenziswa ityuwa yelayimu kunye nesinyithi ukuhlalisa izinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo.

Ngo-1893, i-Exeter yazisa isihluzo sokuqala sebhayoloji, sitshiza amanzi amdaka phezu kweebhedi zelitye elityumkileyo apho iifilimu zentsholongwane zonakalisa izinto eziphilayo. Le nkqubo yaba sisiseko setekhnoloji yonyango lwebhayoloji.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, abaphandi kwiLawrence Experiment Station eMassachusetts babona udaka olune-flocculent, olune-microbe-rich luvela ngexesha lovavanyo lomoya oluthatha ixesha elide. Olu fumaniso lwatyhila amandla amangalisayo okucocwa kweendawo ze-microbial kwaye, kwiminyaka elishumi elandelayo, lwavela kwinkqubo yodaka olusebenzayo oludumileyo ngoku.

Ukuvuka: Ukusuka kwiLungelo eliPhezulu ukuya kwiLungelo loLuntu

Xa sijonga emva kweli xesha lokukhula, kuyabonakala utshintsho oluphambili oluthathu:

Ekuqondeni, ukusuka ekuboneni ivumba elibi njengento nje ephazamisayo ukuya ekuboneni amanzi amdaka njengomjelo wesifo esibulalayo;

Ngoxanduva, ukusuka ekukhutshweni komntu ngamnye ukuya ekuthwaleni uxanduva olukhokelwa ngurhulumente;

Kwiteknoloji, ukusuka ekukhutshweni okungasebenziyo ukuya ekuqokeleleni okusebenzayo kunye nonyango.

Imizamo yokuhlaziya izinto ekuqaleni yayisoloko iqhutywa ngabantu abaphezulu ababechaphazeleka ngqo livumba elibi - amalungu epalamente yaseLondon, oosomashishini baseManchester, kunye namagosa kamasipala waseParis. Sekunjalo, xa kwacaca ukuba ikholera ayikhethi cala ngokweeklasi, kwaye ekugqibeleni ungcoliseko lwabuyela etafileni yomntu wonke, iinkqubo zamanzi amdaka kawonke-wonke zayeka ukuba lukhetho olufanelekileyo kwaye zaba yimfuneko ukuze umntu asinde.

Iimpendulo: Uhambo Olungagqitywanga

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, isizukulwana sokuqala sezityalo zokunyanga amanzi amdaka saqala ukusebenza, sikhonza izixeko ezikhulu kumazwe aphuhlileyo. Nangona kunjalo, inxalenye enkulu yabemi behlabathi, yayisaphila ngaphandle kococeko olusisiseko. Nangona kunjalo, isiseko esibalulekileyo sasibekwe: impucuko ayichazwa kuphela ngamandla ayo okuvelisa ubutyebi, kodwa nangoxanduva lwayo lokulawula inkunkuma yayo.

Namhlanje, simi kumagumbi okulawula akhanyayo nacwangcisiweyo, sibukele idatha ihamba kwizikrini zedijithali, kunzima ukuyithelekelela ivumba elibi elalikho kumlambo iThames kwiminyaka eyi-160 eyadlulayo. Kodwa yayilelo xesha kanye, elaliphawulwe bukungcola nokufa, elabangela ukuvuka kokuqala koluntu kulwalamano lwalo namanzi amdaka - utshintsho oluvela ekunyamezeleni okungenamsebenzi ukuya kulawulo olusebenzayo.

Zonke iziko lokucoca amanzi amdaka lanamhlanje elisebenza kakuhle namhlanje liyaqhubeka nolu tshintsho lobunjineli olwaqala ngexesha likaVictoria. Oku kusikhumbuza ukuba ngasemva kwendalo ecocekileyo kukho uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji oluqhubekayo kunye nokuqonda uxanduva oluhlala luhleli.

Imbali isebenza njengombhalo osemazantsi wenkqubela phambili. Ukususela kwimijelo yamanzi amdaka yaseLondon ukuya kwizibonelelo zanamhlanje zokucoca amanzi ezikrelekrele, ubuchwepheshe buyitshintshe njani ikamva lamanzi amdaka? Kwisahluko esilandelayo, siza kubuyela kwimeko yangoku, sigxile kwimingeni esebenzayo kunye nemida yezobuchwepheshe yokususwa kwamanzi odaka lukamasipala, kwaye sihlolisise indlela iinjineli zanamhlanje eziqhubeka ngayo nokubhala amaphepha amatsha kolu hambo lungapheliyo lokucoca.